Body composition indicators in the metabolic syndrome risk prediction in 6-10-year-old children / Indicadores de composição corporal na predição de risco de síndrome metabólica em crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop percentiles of body composition indicators and determine cutoff points to predict metabolic syndrome (MS) risk in 6-10-year-old children. This is a cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study with the participation of 1480 schoolchildren aged 6-10-year. Anthropometric assessment (body mass, height, and skinfolds) and blood pressure measurement were performed in schools. The body mass index (BMI), as well as the body fat percentage (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), were calculated according to standardized formulas for children. Blood collection to assess the lipid and glycemic profile was also performed at school, on pre-established days and times. The MS diagnosis was determined based on changes in triglycerides, HDL-c, blood glucose, waist circumference, and blood pressure. The LMS method was used to develop the percentiles, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify the accuracy of the indicators, and the sensitivity and specificity to determine the cutoff points. FBM and %BF had significantly higher values in girls, who also had lower values for %LM compared to boys (p<0.05). The indicators of body composition, BMI, FBM, and %BF were accurate in predicting the MS risk for both sex at all ages. The main indicators of body composition to predict the MS risk, in both sex, were BMI, FBM, and %BF. These findings suggest that simple anthropometric measurements, which can be performed in clinical practice, have the potential to direct non-pharmacological actions.

RESUMO Objetivou-se desenvolver percentis de indicadores de composição corporal e determinar pontos de corte para predizer o risco de síndrome metabólica (SM) em crianças de seis a 10 anos de idade. Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, de base populacional, com participação de 1480 escolares de seis a 10 anos de idade. A avaliação antropométrica (massa corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas) e a aferição da pressão arterial foram realizadas nas escolas. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) bem como o percentual de gordura (%GC), percentual de massa magra (%MM), massa corporal gorda (MCG) foram calculados de acordo com fórmulas padronizadas para crianças. A coleta de sangue para avaliar o perfil lipídico e glicêmico também foi realizada na escola, em dias e horários pré-estabelecidos. O diagnóstico da SM foi determinado com base em alterações nos triglicerídeos, HDL-c, glicemia, perímetro de cintura e pressão arterial. O método LMS foi utilizado para desenvolver os percentis, a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para identificar a acurácia dos indicadores e a sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar os pontos de corte. MCG e %GC apresentaram valores significativamente superior nas meninas e também valores inferiores para a MCM em relação aos meninos (p<0,05). Os indicadores de composição corporal, IMC, MCG e %GC apresentaram acurácia na predição do risco de SM para ambos os sexos em todas as idades. Os principais indicadores de composição corporal para predição do risco de SM, em ambos os sexos, foram o IMC, %GC e MCG. Esses achados sugerem que medidas antropométricas simples, que podem ser realizadas na prática clínica, tem potencial para direcionar ações não medicamentosas

Associação entre tempo excessivo frente à TV e índice de massa corporal em adolescentes brasileiros: uma análise de regressão quantílica da PeNSE, 2015 / Association between excessive TV viewing time and body mass index among Brazilian adolescents: quantile regression analysis of the National Student Health Survey (PeNSE), 2015

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se tempo excessivo frente à TV está associado com índice de massa corporal (IMC), independente da atividade física (AF) e da interação com consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUPs), em adolescentes brasileiros. Estudo transversal com dados de adolescentes de 13-17 anos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. IMC foi o desfecho (medida direta da estatura e massa corporal) e as exposições foram tempo excessivo frente à TV (>2 h/dia), consumo diário de AUPs e AF. Regressão quantílica foi usada para testar associações e interações. Tempo excessivo frente à TV foi associado a maiores valores de IMC (ex.: 25º percentil =0,060 kg/m² versus 95º percentil =0,891 kg/m², p<0,001). Após ajuste para AF, a associação se manteve, porém, atenuada. A inclusão de AUPs no modelo potencializou a associação (ex.: 25º percentil =0,062 kg/m² versus 95º percentil =0,956 kg/m², p<0,001). Tempo excessivo frente à TV foi associado a percentis do IMC, independente da AF - ausência da AF e presença do consumo de AUPs afetam mais os percentis superiores do IMC. Ações para reduzir tempo excessivo frente à TV, consumo de AUPs e fomentar AF, são essenciais para impactar positivamente no IMC e seus reflexos na saúde dos adolescentes brasileiros.

Abstract The study aimed to investigate whether excessive TV viewing time is associated with body mass index (BMI), irrespective of physical activity (PA) and interaction with consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), among Brazilian adolescents. It is a cross-sectional study with data on 13-17-year-old adolescents from the 2015 National Student Health Survey. BMI was the outcome (direct measurement of height and body mass) and exposure was excessive TV viewing time (>2 h/day), daily consumption of UPFs and PA. Quantile regression was used to test associations and interactions. Excessive screen time was associated with higher BMI values (e.g., 25th percentile =0.060 kg/m² versus 95th percentile =0.891 kg/m², p<0.001). After adjusting for PA, the association remained, however, attenuated. The inclusion of UPFs in the model potentiated the association (e.g., 25th percentile =0.062 kg/m² versus 95th percentile =0.956 kg/m², p<0.001). Excessive screen time was associated with BMI percentiles, irrespective of PA - the absence of PA and the presence of UPF consumption affect the upper BMI percentiles more. Actions to reduce excessive TV viewing time, consumption of UPFs and promoting PA are essential to positively impact BMI and its reflexes on the health of Brazilian adolescents.

Using the medicine ball throw test to predict upper limb muscle power: validity evidence / Teste do arremesso de bola medicinal para predizer potência muscular de membros superiores: evidências de validade

Abstract Muscle power is the product of muscle force and velocity, which translates into the ability to produce force in a short time interval. Periodic evaluations of strength and power, coupled with training strategies for these capacities, are of great value to athletes and multi-sports coaches, since they are key determinants for team success. Specifically, in rugby, where passing is a predominant and determinant element of sporting success, few field tests are available for assessing upper limb muscle power. The purpose of this point of view is to correct the upper limb power prediction equation previously published by our group and to highlight its concepts and applicability in sports, especially in rugby.

Resumo Potência muscular é o produto entre força e velocidade, que se traduz na capacidade de produzir força em um curto intervalo de tempo. Avaliações periódicas de força e potência, combinadas a estratégias de treinamento para essas capacidades, são de grande valor para atletas e treinadores multi-esportivos, pois são determinantes para o sucesso da equipe. Especificamente no rugby, onde o passe é elemento predominante e determinante do sucesso esportivo, poucos testes de campo estão disponíveis para avaliar força muscular de membro superior. O objetivo deste ponto de vista é corrigir a equação de predição de potência do membro superior previamente publicada pelo nosso grupo e destacar seus conceitos e aplicabilidade nos esportes, especialmente no rugby.

Food consumption, physical activity level and sedentary behavior in schoolchildren / Consumo alimentar, nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em escolares

Abstract Dietary intake inquiry, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) surveys are practical tools for identifying habits among the pediatric population; however, the results of describing these behaviors appear to be restricted to large centers. The objective was to analyze dietary intake, PA and SB level in schoolchildren. Children from 6 to 10 years old, coming from public and private schools were evaluated for anthropometry, dietary pattern, PA and SB level. A total of 1408 children (48.1% male) with a mean age of 8.05 (± 1.53) years participated in the study. Only 4.6%, 4.9% and 17.2% of children met the recommendations for fruit, milk and dairy products, respectively. 40.4% and 59.5% of the children did not meet the recommendation for soft drinks and meat consumption, respectively. More than 75% of children met the recommendation for the consumption of packaged snacks, candies and beans. There was a difference between genders only for candy consumption (p=0.003), with a higher proportion of boys meeting the recommendations. Approximately half and one third of the children complied with the recommendations for moderate to vigorous PA and SB, respectively. Risk behaviors for cardiovascular disease were observed in children, characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables, low levels of PA and excessive time in SB.

Resumo Inquéritos de consumo alimentar, atividade física (AF) e comportamento sedentário (CS) constituem instrumentos práticos na identificação de hábitos entre a população pediátrica. No entanto, os resultados de descrição desses comportamentos parecem estar restritos a grandes centros. Objetivou-se analisar consumo alimentar, nível de AF e CS em escolares. Crianças de seis a 10 anos de idade, oriundas de escolas públicas e privadas foram avaliadas quanto à antropometria, padrão dietético, nível de AF e de CS. Um total de 1408 crianças (48,1% do sexo masculino) com média de idade de 8,05 (± 1,53) anos participou do estudo. Apenas 4,6%, 4,9% e 17,2% das crianças atenderam às recomendações de consumo de frutas, leite e derivados e verduras/legumes, respectivamente. Não atenderam a recomendação para consumo de refrigerante e carnes 40,4% e 59,5% das crianças, respectivamente. Mais de 75% das crianças atenderam a recomendação para o consumo de salgadinho de pacote, doces e feijão. Houve diferença entre os sexos somente para o consumo de doces (p=0,003), com maior proporção de meninos a atender as recomendações. Aproximadamente, metade e um terço das crianças atenderam as recomendações para prática de AF de moderada a vigorosa intensidade e de CS, respectivamente. Comportamentos de risco para doenças cardiovasculares foram observados nas crianças, caracterizado pelo baixo consumo de frutas e verduras/legumes, baixos níveis de AF e excessivo tempo em CS.

Cluster and simultaneity of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents of Southeast Brazil

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the cluster of the five major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their associated factors and to identify patterns of concurrency of modifiable obesogenic risk factors associated with overweight in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A survey was conducted (2015) with 1,055 (boys, n = 475; girls, n = 580) high school (public and private schools) adolescents (14-20 years old) in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil. The observed prevalence ratio (O) for the expected (E) risk factors (smoking, alcohol, insufficient physical activity, sedentary behavior, and poor diet) greater than one (O/E > 1) was considered as a cluster. We use multinomial and binary logistic regressions (stratified by sex) in the analyzes. Results: Almost 30% of adolescents had three or more risk factors (no factor = 5.4%). The five risk factors tended to cluster in boys (O/E = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.6-3.5). In both sexes, smoking and alcohol consumption persisted in O/E > 1 ratio. Conclusions: Boys showed a consistent pattern of association for risk factors. Overweight was associated with pairs of obesogenic risk factors in both sexes. The results indicate the need for health interventions that consider the cluster and the simultaneity of risk factors for CVD among Brazilian youth.

Relationship between smartphone use and sedentary behavior: a school-based study with adolescents / Relacionamento entre smartphone e comportamento sedentário: estudo de base escolar com adolescentes

The aims of this study were a) to describe the smartphone use and sedentary behavior (SB) on typical weekdays and weekends, and b) to verify the association between smartphone use and SB among adolescents. This is a cross-sectional population school-based, which surveyed 984 students from Uberaba, Minas Gerais, in 2015. Gender-stratified analysis were performed using t-tests, Pearson's correlation (r) and multiple linear regression (ß). Girls used more smartphones than boys (weekdays: 6.58 hrs vs. 5.29 hrs, p < 0.001; weekend: 7.81 hrs vs. 6.18 hrs, p < 0.001). Both genders used more smartphones in the weekend (p < 0.001) than weekdays. SB was higher in girls than boys (weekdays: 5.34 hrs vs. 4.48 hrs, p < 0.001, weekend: 5.22 hrs vs. 4.38 hrs, p < 0.001). SB was higher for both genders at weekend (p < 0.001) than on weekdays. Correlation between SB and smartphone use ranged from weak to moderate in both genders (weekdays: boys, r = 0.30; girls, r = 0.17, p < 0.001; weekend: boys, r = 0.39; girls, r = 0.17, p < 0.001). Smartphone use was positively associated with SB during the weekdays (boys: ß = 0.25, girls: ß = 0.19, p < 0.001) and weekend (boys: ß = 0.31; girls: ß= 0.14, p < 0.001). Girls showed greater SB and smartphone use than boys, regardless if compared on weekdays or weekend. SB and smartphone were positively associated in both genders

Os objetivos deste estudo foram a) descrever o uso de smartphone e o comportamento sedentário (CS) em dias típicos de semana e final de semana (FDS) e, b) verificar a associação entre o uso de smartphone e o CS em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 984 escolares de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, conduzido em 2015. Para análises estratificadas por sexo, utilizou-se testes-t, correlação de Pearson (r) e regressão linear múltipla (ß). Moças usavam mais o smartphone que os rapazes (semana: 6,58 vs. 5,29 horas, p < 0,001; FDS: 7,81 vs. 6,18 horas, p < 0,001). Ambos os sexos usaram mais smartphone no FDS (p < 0,001). O CS foi maior nas moças que nos rapazes (semana: 5,34 vs. 4,48 horas, p < 0,001; FDS: 5,22 vs. 4,38 horas, p < 0,001). O CS foi maior no FDS, em ambos os sexos (p < 0,001). A correlação entre CS e smartphone foi de fraca a moderada em ambos os sexos (semana: rapazes, r = 0,30; moças, r = 0,17, p < 0,001; e FDS: rapazes, r = 0,39; moças, r = 0,17, p < 0,001). Uso de smartphone foi positivamente associado com CS durante a semana (rapazes: ß = 0,25; moças: ß = 0,19, p < 0,001) e FDS (rapazes: ß = 0,31; moças: ß = 0,14, p < 0,001). Moças apresentaram maior CS e uso de smartphone do que rapazes, independentemente se comparados na semana ou FDS. CS e uso de smartphones foram positivamente associados em ambos os sexos

Efeitos de um programa de Mat Pilates sobre indicadores de saúde em servidores de um hospital / Effects of a Mat Pilates program on health indicators in servers of a hospital

Objetivo:Avaliar o efeito de um programa Mat Pilates sobre a composição corporal, qualidade de vida, nível de atividade física, flexibilidade e força em servidores de um hospital universitário. Procedimentos metodológicos: Trata-se de um estudo quasi-experimental com 22 servidores, que participaram de um programa de Mat Pilates uma vez por semana, durante 20 semanas. Os servidores foram submetidos à aferição da pressão arterial, avaliação corporal, teste de força abdominal e flexibilidade, e preencheram questionários de qualidade de vida, saúde e nível de atividade física, antes e depois da intervenção. Para análise das variáveis contínuas e categóricas foram utilizados os testes t pareado e qui-quadrado, respectivamente, ao nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Após intervenção observou-se redução significativa do perímetro da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, massa corporal gorda e percentagem de gordura. Ainda, houve melhora dos níveis de atividade física, força abdominal, flexibilidade e domínios da qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Mat Pilates se mostra eficiente em melhorar parâmetros hemodinâmicos, físicos e de qualidade de vida em servidores de um hospital universitário

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a Mat Pilates program regarding the body composition, quality of life, level of physical activity, flexibility and strength in servants of a university hospital. Methodological procedures: This is a quasi-experimental study with 22 servers, who participated in a Mat Pilates program once a week for 20 weeks. The servers were submitted to blood pressure measurement, body evaluation, abdominal strength test and flexibility, and filled out questionnaires on quality of life, health and physical activity level, before and after the intervention. For the analysis of the continuous and categorical variables, paired and chi-square tests were used, respectively, at the significance level p <0.05. Results: A significant reduction in waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fat body mass and fat percentage were observed after intervention. Still, there was improvement of physical activity levels, abdominal strength, flexibility and domains of quality of life. Conclusion: Mat Pilates is efficient in improving hemodynamic, physical and quality of life parameters in servants of a university hospita

Triagem da pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes de Amargosa, Bahia: utilidade de indicadores antropométricos de obesidade / High blood pressure screening in children and adolescents from Amargosa, Bahia: usefulness of anthropometric indices of obesity

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar o poder preditivo do índice de massa corporal (IMC), perímetro da cintura (PC) e razão da cintura pela estatura (RCEst) e de seus respectivos pontos de corte para triagem de pressão arterial (PA) elevada em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com1.139 escolares de 6 a 17 anos de idade. A massa corporal, a estatura, o PC e a PA foram mensurados. A PA elevada foi classificada como sistólica ou diastólica≥ percentil 95. Curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) foram construídas e a área sob a curva, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram calculadas. Resultados: A prevalência de PA elevada foi de 27,0%. Os indicadores antropométricos apresentaram associação significativa com PA elevada (acurácia variando de 0,62 - 0,81), exceto RCEst entre adolescentes do sexo masculino.Observou-se baixa sensibilidade, independentemente do indicador antropométrico, do sexo e da faixa etária. Conclusão: OIMC, o PC e a RCEst estiveram associados a PA elevada, porém os pontos de corte testados apresentaram baixa sensibilidade. A determinação de pontos de corte específicos para cada população pode viabilizar a triagem de PA elevada por meio de indicadores antropométricos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To determine the predictive power of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and their respective cut-off points for high blood pressure (BP) screening in Brazilian children and adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with 1,139 students aged 6 to 17years. Body weight, height, WC, and BP were measured. High BP was classified as systolic or diastolic ≥ 95th percentile. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, and the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results: The prevalence of high BP was 27.0%. Anthropometric indices showed a significant association with high BP (accuracy ranging from 0.62 - 0.81), except for WHtR among male adolescents.Sensitivity was low, regardless of the anthropometric index, gender, and age group. Conclusion: BMI, WC, and WHtR were associated with high BP, but the cut-off points tested showed low sensitivity. Determining specific cut-off points for each population can enable the use of anthropometric indices in high BP screening.

Comportamento sedentário em adolescentes: prevalência e fatores associados / Sedentary behavior in adolescents: prevalence and associated factors

Este estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência do comportamento sedentário (CS) e analisar os fatores sociodemográfi cos, comportamentais, de hábitos alimentares e de saúde associados em adolescentes. Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional escolar com participação de 1.009 adolescentes (55,0% do sexo feminino) de 14 a 19 anos das escolas públicas e privadas do município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O CS foi estimado pelo tempo sedentário de tela (assistir TV + jogar videogame + uso de computador) ≥ 2 h/dia. Empregou-se a regressão logística hierárquica para analisar os fatores sociodemográfi cos (sexo, idade, situação de estágio/trabalho, renda familiar, turno e série de estudo), comportamentais e de hábitos alimentares (atividade física no lazer, participação nas aulas de Educação Física, consumo de frutas, frituras e refrigerantes) e de saúde (IMC, autopercepção do sono e da saúde) associados ao CS. A prevalência do CS foi de 81,6% (IC95%: 78,8 - 84,4) sendo maior entre o sexo masculino (84,9%; IC95%: 82,6 - 87,2) do que no feminino (78,6%; IC95%: 75,9 - 81,3, p = 0,018). Na análise ajustada, apresentaram maiores chances de CS: o sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,23 - 2,56), aqueles do 1º ano (OR = 1,89; IC95%: 1,22 -2,94) e 2º ano de estudo (OR = 1,97; IC95%: 1,22 -3,17), não ter vínculo de estágio/trabalho (OR = 2,23; IC95%: 1,54 -3,23) e menor consumo de frutas (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,01 - 2,14). A prevalência do CS foi alta e o sexo, a série de estudo, a situação de estágio/trabalho e o hábito alimentar foram fatores associados. Os adolescentes aqui identificados com maiores chances de apresentarem CS representam potenciais grupos para intervenções que objetivem a redução do entretenimento sedentário baseado em tela, seja em casa, na escola e no ambiente de estágio/trabalho....(AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) and to analyze the sociodemographic, behavioral, eating habits and health associated factors in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional population-based study involving 1,009 adolescents (55.0% females) aged 14 to 19 from public and private schools in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. SB was estimated by sedentary screen time (watch TV + play videogame + computer use) ≥ 2 h/day. The hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyze sociodemographic factors (sex, age, internship/work status, family income, shifts and study series), behavioral and eating habits (physical activity in leisure, participation in Physical Education classes, consumption of fruits, fried foods and soft drinks) and health (BMI, self-perception of sleep and health) associated with SB. The prevalence of SB was 81.6% (95%CI: 78.8 - 84.4), higher among males (84.9%; 95%CI: 82.6 - 87.2) than females (78.6%, 95% CI: 75.9-81.3, p = 0.018). Adjusted regression analyses showed SB higher to male (OR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.23 - 2.56), in the 1st class (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.22 - (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.22 -3.17), not have internship/work (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.54 -3.23) and lower fruit intake (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01 - 2.14). The prevalence of SB was high. The sex, study series, internship/ work status and eating habits were associated factors. The adolescents here identifi ed as being more likely to SB represent potential groups for interventions that aim to reduce screen-based sedentary entertainment, whether at home, at school or in the work / internship environment....(AU)

Número de passos para discriminar pressão arterial elevada em jovens: quantos são o suficiente? / Step count to discriminate high blood pressure in young: how many steps are enough?

A relação entre a prática de atividade física e pressão arterial (PA) tem sido reportada entre jovens. Contudo, pontos de corte do número de passos para discriminar PA elevada na população pediátrica ainda são incertos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar quantos passos por dia são suficientes para discriminar PA elevada em crianças e adolescentes. Estudo transversal com 1.044 escolares (456 meninos), de seis a 17 anos de idade, do município de Amargosa, Bahia, Brasil. A PA foi mensurada e a PA elevada foi classificada como sistólica ou diastólica ≥ percentil 95 de acordo com sexo, idade e estatura. O número de passos diários foi estimado por pedômetro. Curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic foram construídas e a área sob a curva, sensibilidade, especificidade e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% foram calculados, com análises separadas por sexo. A prevalência de PA elevada foi de 27,8%. O número de passos foi preditor de PA elevada tanto para o sexo masculino (acurácia = 0,55; IC95%: 0,51-0,60) quanto para o feminino (acuraria = 0,58; IC95%: 0,54-0,62). Os pontos de corte com maior equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade foram 14.228 passos para o sexo masculino e 10.796 passos para o feminino. O número de passos por dia, avaliado por pedômetro, foi preditor de PA elevada nas crianças e adolescentes investigados. Em termos práticos, sugere-se a utilização de 14.000 e 11.000 passos por dia para discriminar PA elevada em jovens do sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. Esses achados podem ser úteis para subsidiar ações de enfrentamento à PA elevada na infância e adolescência

The relationship between physical activity and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents has been extensively studied. However, step count cut-off points that discriminate high BP in the pediatric population are still uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to determine how many steps per day are enough to discriminate high BP in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional study involving 1,044 schoolchildren (456 boys) aged 6 to 17 years from the city of Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil. Blood pressure was measured and a high BP was defined as a systolic or diastolic value ≥ 95th percentile according to sex, age and height. The number of daily steps was estimated with a pedometer. Receiver operating curves were constructed and the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, with analyzes separated by sex. The prevalence of high BP was 27.8%. Step count was a predictor of high BP in both boys (accuracy = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.51-0.60) and girls (accuracy = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.54-0.62). The cut-off points with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity were 14,228 steps for boys and 10,796 for girls. Pedometer-de-termined daily step count was a predictor of high BP in the children and adolescents studied. In practical terms, the use of 14,000 and 11,000 steps per day is recommended to discriminate high BP in young boys and girls, respectively. These findings could be useful to support actions designed to cope with high BP in childhood and adolescence

Waist circumference percentile curves as a screening tool to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome risk in Brazilian children / Curvas de percentis do perímetro de cintura como ferramenta de rastreamento para predizer fatores de risco cardiovasculares e risco de síndrome metabólica em crianças brasileiras / Curvas de percentil de circunferencia de cintura como herramienta de detección para predecir factores de riesgo cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en niños brasileños

The goals of this study were to develop reference values for waist circumference (WC) in Brazilian children between 6-10 years old and to evaluate the WC performance in predicting cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. This is a population-based epidemiological cross-sectional study, in which 1,397 children participated, with a 6-10 years old probability sampling and from public and private schools in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. WC was measured at the waist narrowest point (WC1) and at the umbilicus level (WC2). Blood samples and blood pressure were collected to determine the MetS diagnosis. There was a significant effect of age (p = 0.001), anatomical point (WC1 vs. WC2, p = 0.001) and sex-anatomical point interaction (p = 0.016) for WC. Smoothed sex- and age-specific 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentile curves of WC1 and WC2 were designed by the LMS method. WC was accurate to predict MetS, for all ages [area under the ROC curve (AUC) > 0.79 and p < 0.05], regardless of sex. This study presented percentile curves for WC at two anatomical points in a representative sample of Brazilian children. Furthermore, WC was shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and MetS in children.

O estudo teve como objetivos desenvolver valores de referência para perímetro de cintura (PC) em crianças brasileiras entre 6 e 10 anos de idade e avaliar o desempenho da PC na predição de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e de síndrome metabólica (SM) em crianças. O estudo epidemiológico transversal de base populacional incluiu 1.397 crianças entre 6 e 10 anos de idade, através de amostragem probabilística em escolas públicas e privadas em Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A PC era medida no ponto mais estreito da cintura (PC1) e ao nível do umbigo (PC2). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e medidas de pressão arterial para determinar o diagnóstico de SM. Os seguintes fatores mostram associação significativa com PC: idade (p = 0,001), ponto anatômico (PC1 vs. PC2, p = 0,001) e interação sexo/ponto anatômico (p = 0,016). O método LMS foi utilizado para desenhar as curvas suavizadas específicas para sexo e idade, dos percentis 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 e 95. A PC mostrou-se acurada para a predição de SM, para todas as idades [área sob a curva ROC (AUC) > 0,79 e p < 0,05], independente de sexo. Conclusão: o estudo apresentou curvas de percentis de PC em dois pontos anatómicos em uma amostra representativa de crianças brasileiras. Além disso, a PC mostrou ser forte preditor de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e SM em crianças.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron desarrollar valores de referencia para la circunferencia de cintura (WC por sus siglas en inglés), en niños brasileños entre 6-10 años de edad, y evaluar los resultados de WC para predecir factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y síndrome metabólico (MetS) en niños. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico transversal, basado en población, en el que participaron 1.397 niños, de 6 a 10 años de edad con muestreo probabilístico, procedentes de escuelas públicas y privadas en la ciudad de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. WC fue medido en el punto de cintura más estrecho (WC1) y al nivel del ombligo (WC2). Las muestras de sangre y presión arterial se recogieron para determinar el diagnóstico de MetS. Había un significativo efecto de la edad (p = 0.001), punto anatómico (WC1 vs. WC2, p = 0.001) y punto de interacción sexo-anatómico (p = 0.016) para el WC. Sexo uniforme y edad específica 5º, 10º, 25º, 50º, 75º, 90º y 95º curvas de percentil de WC1 y WC2 fueron diseñados mediante el método LMS. WC fue exacto para predecir MetS en todas las edades [área bajo la curva ROC (AUC) > 0.79 y p < 0.05], independientemente del sexo. Conclusión: este estudio presentó un percentil de curvas para WC en dos puntos anatómicos en una muestra representativa de niños brasileños. Asimismo, la WC se mostró como un fuerte predictor de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y MetS en niños.

Intradialytic aerobic training improves inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized clinical trial

To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of intradialytic aerobic training on serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha and functional capacity. Methods: Thirty sedentary volunteers were randomly assigned to either to exercise or control group. Exercise group were submitted to 12 weeks of aerobic training performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 minutes at intensity rated using the Borg scale (6 to 7) three times a week while control group kept the daily habits. Results: After 12 weeks only exercise group presented a significant reduction of serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha and an increase in serum levels of interleukin-10 and functional capacity. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of intradialytic aerobic training was effective in controlling inflammation and improving the functional ability of patients with chronic kidney disease.(AU)

Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in 6-10-year-old children

Abstract Aims: to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and associated risk factors in children. Methods: a total of 1,480 Brazilian children aged 6-10 years old (52.2% girls) participated in this population-based, epidemiological cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria were children born between the years 2001 and 2006, of both sexes, who did not use remedy, were not on a calorie restriction diet, and who respected the 12-hour fast for blood collection. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood collection, and completion of the Previous Day Food Questionnaire and interview using a Physical Activity List were held at school. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on socioeconomic status and lifestyle habits of their child. Chi-square test compared proportions and factors associated with MetS were identified using Poisson Regression. Results: Girls had significantly higher MetS prevalence compared with boys (12.6% vs. 8.5%, p=0.046). After multivariable analysis, body fat percentage (p=0.001), fat mass (p<0.001), lean body mass (p< 0.001) and sedentary behavior (p= 0.050) were positively associated with MetS. Conclusions: Modifiable factors such as body fat percentage, fat mass, lean body mass and sedentary behavior were associated with MetS in children. Thus, interventions targeted for weight management, and adopting healthy habits such as reducing time in front of TV/computer/video game need to be part of the lifestyle of children.(AU)

Associação do sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar com os níveis de intensidade das atividades diárias de crianças medidos por acelerometria / Association between gender, education network and scholar shifts with intensity levels of childrens daily activities measured by accelerometry / Relación entre sexo, sistema educativo y jornada escolar con niveles de intensidad de las actividades diarias de los niños medidos mediante acelerometría

Resumo Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar as atividades físicas (AF) de crianças em relação às recomendações de AF (RAF) e as influências do sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar. Foram avaliados 101 escolares de escolas públicas e privadas e turnos matutino e vespertino. Os dados foram coletados por acelerômetros durante três dias. Foi usado Teste t Student para as comparações entre o sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar (p < 0,05). O tempo em atendimento às RAF em minutos por dia foram: Sexo: masculino = 171,01 ± 43,35 e feminino = 198,85 ± 53,47; rede de ensino: pública = 198,93 ± 48,85 e privada = 157,32 ± 40,34; turno escolar: matutino = 198,76 ± 47,64 e vespertino = 167,68 ± 47,75. O sexo femino, a escola pública e o turno matutino apresentaram maior nível de AF.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze childrens physical activities (PA) in relation to PA recomendations (PAR) and influences of gender, educational network and scholar shifts. Were assessed 101 scholars from both private and public school systems, morning and afternoon shifts. The data was collected by accelerometers during 3 days. The Student t test was applied for comparisions between gender, educational network and scholar shifts (p < 0,05). The time attending the PAR in minutes per day were: Gender: male =171.01 ± 43.35 and female =198.85 ± 53.47; educational network: public = 198.93 ± 48.85 and private = 157.32 ± 40.34; scholar shift: morning =198.76 ± 47.64 and afternoon = 167.68 ± 47.75. The female gender, public school and morning shifts presenteed higher levels of PA.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las actividades físicas (AF) de los niños en relación con las recomendaciones de AF (RAF) y las influencias del sexo, el sistema educativo y la jornada escolar. Se evaluó a 101niños de escuelas públicas y privadas, y de los turnos de mañana y tarde. Los datos fueron recogidos por acelerómetros durante 3días. Se utilizó la prueba de la t de Student para realizar las comparaciones entre sexos, sistema educativo y jornada escolar (p < 0,05). El tiempo en el cumplimiento de las RAF en cuestión de minutos por día fueron para el sexo masculino = 171,01 ± 43,35 y para el sexo femenino = 198,85 ± 53,47; para el sistema educativo público = 198,93 ± 48,85 y para el sistema educativo privado = 157,32 ± 40,34; para la jornada escolar de mañana = 198,76 ± 47,64 y para la de tarde = 167,68 ± 47,75. El sexo femino, la escuela pública y el turno de mañana tuvieron mayor nivel de AF.

Composição corporal e consumo alimentar de jogadores de rúgbi / Body composition and food consumption of rugby players

O objetivo foi avaliar a composição corporal e ingestão alimentar em jogadores de rúgbi. Quatorze jogadores de rúgbi brasileiros foram submetidos a medidas antropométricas (massa corporal e estatura), dobras cutâneas para cálculo do percentual de gordura e massa livre de gordura, e registro alimentar de três dias. Os valores nutricionais obtidos foram comparados às recomendações internacionais. Os jogadores apresentaram consumo inadequado para água, carboidratos, magnésio, selênio, tiamina, riboflavina, piridoxina (100%), manganês, vitamina A, ácido fólico (92,8%), zinco, niacina (78,6%), lipídios, vitamina C (71,4%), cálcio, vitamina E (64,3%), ácido pantatênico (57,1%), e fósforo (50%), sinalizando para necessidade de aconselhamento profissional...(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess body composition and dietary intake in amateur rugby players. Fourteen brazilian rugby players underwent to anthropometric measurements (body mass and height), skinfold thickness to calculate the percentage of body fat and fat free mass, and a 3-day food record. The nutritional values obtained were compared to international recommendations. The participants do not meet the recommendations for water, carbohydrates, magnesium, selenium, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine (100%), manganese, vitamin A, folic acid (92,8%), zinc, niacin (78,6%), lipids, vitamin C (71,4%), calcium, vitamin E (64,3%), pantothenic acid (57,1%) and phosphorus (50%), suggesting the need for professional counseling...(AU)

Dieta elevada em carboidratos complexos minimiza necessidade de suplementação durante jogo-treino de rúgbi: foco no sistema imune / Diet high in complex carbohydrates minimizes necessity for supplementation during rugby training game: focus on immune system / Una dieta elevada en hidratos de carbono complejos minimiza la necesidad de suplementación durante el entrenamiento en el deporte del rugby: foco en el sistema inmunitario

Resumo O estudo analisou a imunidade oral após treino de rúgbi em atletas submetidos à dieta com alto teor de carboidratos (DATC). Em estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo controlado, 20 atletas consumiram DATC por três dias antes do experimento. Os atletas receberam aleatoriamente bebida carboidratada (CHO) ou placebo (PLA) e participaram de duas sessões de treino de rúgbi, separados por sete dias. Coletas de saliva foram feitas antes (Pré-E), imediatamente após (Pós-E) e 1 h após (1 h Pós-E) o jogo-treino. Houve diferença significativa em taxa de secreção de IgA-s para PLA somente no tempo 1 h Pós-E. DATC, dias antes de treino de rúgbi, preserva função imunológica oral independente da suplementação de CHO durante treino.

Abstract The study analyzed the oral immunity after rugby training in athletes undergoing diet high in carbohydrates (DATC). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 20 athletes consumed DATC for three days before the experiment. The athletes were randomly carbohydrate drink (CHO) or placebo (PLA) and participated in two training sessions of rugby, separated by seven days. Saliva samples were taken before (Pre-E), immediately after (Post-E) and 1 h after (1 h post-E) training. Significant difference in rate of s-IgA secretion to PLA only at time 1 h post-E. DATC, days before training rugby, preserves immune function independent of oral CHO supplementation during training.

Resumen El estudio analizó la inmunidad oral después del entrenamiento de rugby en jugadores sometidos a una dieta elevada en hidratos de carbono (DEHC). En un estudio aleatorizado, a doble ciego, controlado con placebo, 20 jugadores consumieron una DEHC durante 3 días antes del experimento. Los jugadores recibieron aleatoriamente bebida de hidratos de carbono (CHO) o placebo (PLA), y participaron en dos sesiones de entrenamiento de rugby, separadas entre sí 7 días. Las muestras de saliva fueron antes (pre-E), inmediatamente después (post-E) y 1 hora después (1 h post-E). Hubo una diferencia significativa en la tasa de secreción de s-IgA a PLA sólo en 1 h post-E. La DEHC, días antes de la sesión de rugby, preserva la función inmunológica independientemente de la suplementación de CHO durante el entrenamiento.

Exercise training reverse autonomic dysfunction and hypertension in rats fed with high-fat diet

AIMS: We evaluated whether exercise training ameliorates cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in obesity-induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rats. METHODS Wistar male rats were assigned in normal diet, sedentary (ND-S) and trained (ND-T) and HFD, sedentary (HFD-S) and trained (HFD-T). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), BP variability (BPV), cardiac baroreflex and cardiac autonomic tonus were assessed. HFD-S showed higher bodyweight increase (19.4%) compared to all other groups (HFD-T: 13.2%, ND-S: 14% and ND-T: 12.4%). Relative epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral fat was also greater in HFD-S compared to all other groups. Resting bradycardia in ND-T (339.5±10.6 bpm) and HFD-T (341.0 ± 9.4 bpm) was more pronounced than ND-S (438.4 ± 6.3 bpm; p<0.05) and HFD-S (448.5 ± 18.7 bpm; p<0.05). The HFD-T group showed lower systolic (125.3 ( 1.9 mmHg), diastolic (88.5 ( 2.0 mmHg) and mean BP (100.3 ± 2.5 mmHg) in comparison with HFD-S (153.8 ( 3.7; 103.5 ( 2.6 and 120.5 ± 3.7 mmHg; p<0.05, respectively). Lower variance of HRV and higher variance of diastolic BPV was observed in HFD-S compared to other groups while sympathetic modulation of HRV and BPV was higher in HFD-S, as well as the LF/HF ratio. HFD-T showed a decrease in sympathetic tonus compared to HFD-S. ND-T and HFD-T showed higher cardiac vagal tonus than respective sedentary groups. Analysis showed an association between visceral fat, sympathetic activity and BP. CONCLUSIONS: HFD induces hypertension and is associated with autonomic imbalance in rats, while exercise training may reverse these harmful changes.(AU)

Deslocamento passivo para escola e fatores associados em adolescentes / Passive commuting to school and associated factors among adolescents

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência do deslocamento passivo para escola e os fatores associados em adolescentes (14-19 anos) do ensino médio de escolas públicas e particulares do município de Uberaba, MG, Brasil. Um total de 1.009 adolescentes participaram deste estudo transversal epidemiológico de base escolar. O desfecho do estudo foi o deslocamento passivo (motocicleta, carro e ônibus) e as variáveis exploratórias sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, situação de trabalho, série e turno de estudo), perceptiva e comportamentais (apreciação por atividade física, comportamento de tela e atividade física no lazer) e de saúde (IMC). O Odds Ratio (OR) foi a medida de associação empregada nas análises. O deslocamento passivo foi prevalente em 58,3% (IC95%: 55,2-61,4) dos adolescentes e foi associado ao sexo feminino (OR: 1,82; IC95%: 1,32-2,51), aqueles do 3º ano do ensino (OR: 1,67; IC95%: 1,07-2,61) e aos menos ativos no lazer (OR: 1,44; IC95%: 1,03-2,01). Por outro lado, estudar em escolas públicas apresentou menor associação (OR: 0,16; IC95%: 0,10-0,26). O deslocamento passivo para escola foi prevalente em mais da metade dos adolescentes investigados e está associado as moças, ao grau mais elevado de escolaridade e ao menor envolvimento com a atividade física no lazer.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the passive commuting to school and associated factors among adolescents (14-19 years) of public and private schools from Uberaba, MG, Brazil. A total of 1009 adolescents participated of this epidemiological transversal study. The outcome of the study was the passive commuting (motorcycle, car and bus) and exploratory variables were socio-demographic (sex, age, labor status, grade and study shifts), perceptive and behavioral (physical activity appreciation, screen behavior and leisure physical activity) and health (BMI). The Odds Ratio (OR) was the association measure employed in the analyses. Passive commuting was prevalent in 58.3% (IC95%: 55.2-61.4) of the adolescents and it was associated with female sex (OR: 1.82; IC95%: 1.32-2.51), 3rd series of education (OR: 1.67; IC95%: 1.07-2.61) and to less actives in leisure (OR: 1,44; IC95%: 1,03-2,01). On the other hand, to study in public schools was less associated (OR: 0.16; IC95%: 0.10-0.26). The passive commuting for school was prevalent in more than half of the adolescents and is associated with the female sex, last school series, as well as the less active life style in the leisure.

Screen time between Portuguese and Brazilian children: a cross-cultural study

Abstract AIMS To verify differences in screen time (ST) (hours watching TV, using computer and/or video game) and to compare the percentage of meeting ST recommendation between Portuguese and Brazilian children. METHODS The sample comprised 369 children aged 9 year-old from Portugal (n=95) and Brazil (n=274). ST average (h/day), physical activity (PA) and socioeconomic status (SES) were estimated by parental-report questionnaire. The Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to verify differences and associations on ST (<2h/day) between cities. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for age, BMI, PA and SES. RESULTS The prevalence of meet ST recommendation was 66.7% and 55.3% between Portuguese girls and boys and 25.0% and 16.4%between Brazilian girls and boys. Portuguese girls (1.58±0.84vs3.40 ± 1.76h/day, p<0.05) and boys (1.74 ± 1.18 vs 4.20 ± 2.30 h/day, p<0.05) had significantly less ST than their Brazilian counterparts. Brazilian girls (OR=7.593; p=0.0001) as well as Brazilian boys (OR=6.564; p=0.0001) were more likely to do not meet ST recommendation, compared with their Portuguese counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Portuguese children were approximately seven times more likely to meet ST recommendation than Brazilian children. Differences between countries should be considered in public policy strategies to reduce ST.(AU)

Waist circumference percentile in children from municipalities of developed and developing countries

Abstract Aims: to design reference percentile curves of waist circumference (WC) in children aged 6-10 from municipalities of developed (Portugal) and developing (Brazil) countries and to compare these results with other international references. Methods: this cross-sectional study enrolled a 6-10-year-old probability sampling. Univariate analysis of covariance adjusted by height was carried out to test the main effects of age, sex, countries, and interactions. WC percentile curves were performed with the LMS Chart Maker. Results: The sample comprised 6,475 children. Portuguese children presented a curvilinear increase in WC curves and Brazilian WC curves have shown a linear increase with age both for boys and girls. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 15.9 % and 4.7 % for Portuguese children and 12.9 % 4.5% for Brazilian children, respectively. There was a main effect (p<0.0001) for age and countries, and an interaction effect for sex*age (p=0.001) and countries*age (p<0.0001). Portuguese boys and girls have shown higher values for the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles than Brazilian boys and girls. Conclusions: WC reference percentile curves were drawn for 6-10-year-old Portuguese and Brazilian children. Portuguese children have higher WC values than Brazilian children and other children from developed countries.